Bridge cranes are special equipment. In order to ensure the safe use of cranes, personnel who operate cranes are required to undergo relevant training. The editor of our factory has simply sorted out bridge crane training knowledge materials for everyone. Enterprise users can refer to and use them for operating bridges. The employees of the cranes undergo simple training.
(1) Lifting equipment should be operated by comrades with operating certificates, and the energy should be concentrated during operation.
(2) Carry out a load test before each shift to check whether there is any defect in each part and whether the safety device is sensitive
(3) When the crane is running, it is forbidden to drive over people's heads.
(4) When lifting a heavy object close to the rated load, a test hoist should be carried out first, that is, take off and land once in the air that is not too high from the ground to check whether the brake mechanism is reliable.
(5) When the crane is in danger, no matter who sends an emergency stop signal, it must stop.
(6) Must comply with the " ten no hanging " in the work. That is, the command signal is not suspended from time to time or by multiple people, the workpiece is not lifted when the load exceeds the load, the workpiece is not tightly bound and does not hang, the person standing on the suspended object does not hang, the safety device fails to hang, the object is buried in the ground and does not hang, and the lighting time is insufficient. Do not hang obliquely, do not hang soft objects at sharp corners, and do not hang under the objects.
(7) When the lifting weight is lowered to the lowest position, the steel wire rope stored on the drum shall not be less than two turns.
(8) When the crane is not in use, no heavy objects are allowed to hang. Only after the heavy object is unloaded, the hook is raised to a proper height, the lower handle is controlled to stop at the zero position, and then the power supply is cut off.
1. Aligning; 2. Hanging objects; 3. Pointing the car; 4. Falling alive; 5. Lifting; 6. Stabilizing the hook ; 7 Stopping; 8 Turning over.
(1) The characteristics and activity patterns of ground operators.
(2) The characteristics of items that are often lifted.
(3) The characteristics of the production process.
(4) Environmental characteristics.
The crane operator must follow the five aspects of stability, accuracy, speed, safety and reason when manipulating the crane to advance, lift, shift, align, stabilize the hook, and turn over and other basic actions. therefore. Stable, accurate, fast, safe and reasonable are the basic skills of crane operators to operate cranes.
1. Stability: It means that no swinging occurs when the hook or load stops at the required position during operation.
2. Accuracy: It means to make all operating agencies cooperate with the municipalities directly under the Central Government on a stable basis, and use the least time and the closest distance to complete a lifting.
3. Safety: refers to the pre-detection and pre-repair of the equipment to ensure that the crane can work reliably in good condition; strictly implement the safety technical regulations during the operation, and no equipment and personal accidents occur; have the ability to foresee accidents, in the event of unexpected failures It can take measures flexibly and flexibly to prevent accidents or minimize losses.
4. Reasonable: It refers to the correct operation of the controller based on the specific conditions of the object to be hoisted on the basis of understanding and mastering the mechanical characteristics of the motor.
Crane operators should follow the steps below to drive and stop operations;
(1) Test drive; (2) Drive; (3) Stop; (4) In case of emergency stop, use the emergency switch to cut off the main power supply.
(1) Decoupling
(2) The wire rope is broken
(3) Lack or failure of safety protection devices
(4) Lifting objects pass over the human body
(5) Crane tipping
(6) Injury caused by collision
(7) Electric shock
(8) People standing on top of hanging objects
(9) Hanging and buried underground parts and equipment
(10) Lifting of buried workpieces or equipment
(11) The workpiece is not fastened firmly
(12) Dim light and heavy objects
(13) Inclined workpiece
(14) Lifting equipment operates with illness.
Bridge cranes not only have large parts and large operating inertia, but also have a large working range and lifting space, and a complex surrounding environment. When an injury accident occurs, it often directly endangers the safety of ground personnel and equipment, and even causes major accidents. There are many causes of accidents caused by cranes, which can be roughly summarized as follows:
① Violation of operating procedures. Failure to strictly abide by the safety operation regulations in actual operation may cause accidents.
② Failure to carefully implement the daily safety inspection system. The shift driver does not carefully check in accordance with the regulations, and just subjectively believes that the crane is operating normally, and then operates, which is often one of the causes of accidents.
③The work is not coordinated and there is no unified command. During the operation, due to the complex working environment around, the loud noise, the large number of hanging personnel and the lack of unified command personnel, it is also one of the causes of the accident.
④ The safety protection device is malfunctioning or lacking. Do not pay attention to the important role of safety protection devices, and continue to operate in violation of regulations in the case of device failure or lack.
⑤ The maintenance work is not done well. Failure to follow the maintenance system for maintenance, maintenance and inspection, or failure to strictly implement the relevant system, resulting in failures in the equipment, operating mechanism, spreader, pulley block, etc. on the crane, which cannot be repaired and eliminated in time, directly or during operation. Indirectly cause accidents.
The basic principles for selecting lifting points are:
(1) Calculate the weight of the suspended object
(2) Grasp the center of gravity of the suspended object
(3) Less bending of the wire rope
(4) Try to use the original lifting lugs (loops) of the equipment or components to be lifted.
Key points of bundling operation:
(1) Before tying objects or equipment, determine the appropriate lashing point according to the shape of the object or equipment and the position of its center of gravity. Under normal circumstances, the components or equipment are equipped with hoisting rings specifically for lifting. Unopened shipments It is also often indicated that the hanging point is easy to untie. Therefore, it is generally only used to lift lighter objects
(2) Combination knot. It is also a method of connecting two rope ends, which is easy to untie after use.
(3) Bolt knot. Bolt knots are divided into two types, one is the fixed end knot for the cable wind rope; the other is used for the loose flower knot, which can be loosened slowly after being stressed. When in use, the rope coils on the wooden piles should be arranged neatly without heavy pressure, and the loose end (that is, the live end) should be placed underneath, and it should also be prevented from slipping upward when loosened.
(4) Trapezoidal knots, used for lashing cables and wind ropes on masts.
(5) Double trapezoid knot. The mast is used for tying the cable wind rope.
(6) Figure 8 knot. Use hemp rope to lift small objects.
(7) Reverse knot. Hemp rope for lifting long vertical objects
(8) Board head knot. Hang up the footsteps temporarily in the high air for use.
(9) Pipa knot. It is often used to connect the rope with hanging objects and to fix a rope head.
(10) Hook knot. Used for the connection between the rope and the hook.
(11) Carry the stick knot. Used when two people are lifting objects.
(12) Tie the knot. When using a winch
(1) The rope should be selected according to the geometry and weight of the suspended object, and the angle between the two ropes should be as small as possible when tying and hanging.
(2) When using paired ropes, the length of the two ropes should be the same.
(3) The edges and corners where the rope is in contact with the suspended object should be padded with wood or rubber to prevent the rope from being frayed.
(4) When hoisting tall objects, there must be no rope at the tail (end) of the object to be hoisted to prevent the object from shaking in the air and damaging other facilities.
(5) When unloading, choose a place in advance, and place the suspended objects level.
(6) In the lifting operation, the cable operator should cooperate well with the crane commander and crane driver.
① When taking over, the operator should check the brakes, hooks, wire ropes and safety devices. If the performance is found to be abnormal, it should be ruled out before operation.
②Before driving, you must ring a bell or alarm. When approaching people during operation, an intermittent ringtone or alarm should also be given.
③The operation should be carried out according to the command signal. The emergency stop signal shall be executed immediately no matter who sends it.
④ When it is confirmed that no one is on or around the crane, the main power can be turned on. If the power disconnecting device is locked or has a label, it should be removed by the relevant personnel before turning on the main power.
⑤Before turning on the main power supply, the controller handle should be used to pull back the parts. Before restarting work, check whether the crane is operating normally.
⑥ For cranes operating in the open air on the track, the crane should be anchored when the work is finished. When the wind force is greater than 6, the crane should generally be stopped and the crane should be anchored. For cranes that work along the coast such as portal cranes, When the wind force is greater than 7, stop working and anchor the crane.
⑦When the driver is performing maintenance, he should cut off the main power supply and put up a sign or lock it. If there is an unresolved fault, the driver should be notified.
(1) The driver should not operate in the following situations:
① Overload or unclear object weight. Such as hoisting the buried objects with unclear weight or pulling force, and oblique pulling and oblique hoisting.
②The structure or parts have defects or damages that affect safe work. Such as the failure of brakes and safety devices, the damage of the hook nut conspiracy and the loose device to reach the scrap standard, etc.
③The binding or hanging is not firm or unbalanced and may slide. There is no liner between the edges and corners of the heavy object and the steel wire rope.
④There are people or floating objects on the suspended object.
⑤ The work site is dim, and it is impossible to see clearly the site, the situation of the suspended object, and the command signal.
(2) When operating, the operator shall comply with the following requirements:
①Do not use limit position limiter to stop.
②It is forbidden to adjust the lifting under load, and no one is allowed under the luffing range.
③When lifting, no one should pass over people, and no one under the jib.
④The crane shall not be inspected and repaired.
⑤When the weight to be hoisted is close to or reaches the rated lifting capacity, check the brake before hoisting, and try hoisting with a small height and short stroke before hoisting steadily.
⑥For cranes without a limiter for lowering limit position, when the hook is at the lowest working position, the steel wire rope on the drum must maintain the number of safe turns specified by the design.
⑦When the crane is working, the minimum distance between the boom, spreader, auxiliary equipment, steel wire rope, cable wind rope and heavy objects, and the power transmission line shall not be less than the provisions of Table-1.
⑧For mobile starters, the parking area should be leveled according to the requirements of the manual, and the feet should be firmly and reliably laid before work.
⑨ For cranes without reverse braking performance, except for special emergencies, the reverse vehicle shall not be used for braking.
(3) The load borne by two or more cranes shall not exceed their respective rated lifting capacity.
If the above requirements are not met, the rated lifting capacity should be reduced to 80%; the chief engineer can also reduce the rated lifting capacity according to the actual situation. During lifting, the chief engineer was present to guide.
(4) For cranes with two sets of main and auxiliary lifting mechanisms, the main and auxiliary hooks should not be activated at the same time. Except for special cranes that are designed to allow simultaneous use.
1. Operators of bridge cranes (overhead type cranes) are special operators. They must be in good health, have contraindications, have a natural vision of 0.7 or more, and have normal hearing, etc., and have passed professional training and examinations organized by the local labor department. Later, after receiving the special training organized by the local labor department and passing the examination, the personnel who obtained the special operation operation certificate issued by the local labor department will serve as the personnel.
2. The crane operator must strictly abide by the safety rules and regulations, and be familiar with the crane's structure, performance and hoisting command signals .
3. The crane operator must go up and down the crane from the special ladder; it is not allowed to cross other cranes; and irrelevant personnel should be prohibited from boarding the crane.
4. Before starting the crane, check whether there are people on the crane and on the track, and start when it is safe to confirm.
5. It is forbidden to carry out repair and maintenance at the same time when the heavy machine is working. When it is necessary to maintain and overhaul, switch off the power and list it. During the overhaul, the crane driver must cooperate with the overhaul personnel, and should follow the instructions of the overhaul organizer; also pay attention to not throwing down or dropping objects during the overhaul to prevent injury to the people below.
6. During lifting, the operator should follow the command of the lifting commander, but in an emergency, anyone who issues an emergency stop signal should stop.
7. Test hoisting should be carried out before each shift, and overload hoisting is prohibited. Hanging objects should be carried on the lifting line and not allowed to pass over people's heads.
8. It is strictly forbidden for crane operators to work after drinking or in abnormal spirits. Do not chat with others or do other actions during homework.
Operators of bridge cranes must be trained before they can work. For large-tonnage bridge cranes and enterprises with high operational requirements, operators also need to hold certificates to work.
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