Regulations on safety management of crane operation in USA

1. Operation and modification of crane

In the actual operation of any type of crane, the employer must follow the manufacturer's technical requirements and instructions. If the manufacturer does not provide an explanation, the decision of a senior professional engineer in the industry shall prevail, and this decision shall be filed and stored. Without the written consent of the manufacturer, the employer shall not arbitrarily change the safety factor that affects the working ability or safe operation of the equipment. If these modifications are indeed made, the work capability, operation and maintenance instruction diagrams, labels or stamps must be modified accordingly. Under no circumstances should the original safety factor of the equipment be reduced.

The use of crane attachments shall not exceed the rated lifting capacity, rated load moment or the load range provided by the manufacturer. Employers should post warnings or instructions for rated load, working speed, and special hazards on the equipment in a conspicuous place, and post the operating instructions or warning signs in a conspicuous place where the driver can see. The crane driver’s gestures should comply with the ANSI standard for the use of this type of crane, and the posture icon should be posted on the construction site.

Unless tested as required, crane loading must not exceed the rated load. The lifting chain or lifting wire rope must not be knotted or bent, and must not be entangled with the load. Relying on slings or other approved devices, heavy objects should be hung on the load pulley hook. Make sure that there are no obstructions in the sling.

After the load is lifted a few feet, the slings or lifting devices must be balanced. Before starting the lifting, the lifting wire rope must not be knotted. The wires of the components must not be twisted together. The lifting object should be hung under the hook to prevent swinging. When lifting, it is forbidden to accelerate or decelerate the moving load suddenly. The load body does not touch the obstruction.

The crane shall not be used for side towing unless the designated person confirms the stability of the crane and the load of the crane is not overloaded. When someone is on the load or hook, do not lift or swing. Employers have the right to require drivers not to carry loads over people’s heads. When the rated load is reached, the operator should test the braking device every time the load is raised and lowered a few feet. When the load drops to the lowest point, the wire rope on the lifting drum shall not be less than two full turns. When two or more cranes lift the same load, a qualified person must be appointed to take command. The commander shall give instructions on the positioning of the load, the operation of the load device and the crane. When the load is suspended, the employer must ensure that the driver continuously controls the operating system. When the platform starts, the load and the hook approach or exceed the height of the human body, a warning signal should be issued in time.

2. Inspection during the use of the crane

1) If any of the following situations occurs, the wire rope must be stopped immediately:

① In the wire rope in use, there are any 6 broken wires in one lay length, or three broken wires in one strand in one lay length.

②The external abrasion of a single steel wire reaches 1/3 of the diameter. Deformation of the wire rope structure due to entanglement, friction, swing or other damage.

③ Significant thermal damage caused by any reason.

④The wire rope with a diameter less than or equal to 5/16 in is reduced by more than 1/64 in from the nominal diameter; the wire rope with 3/8 in~1/2 in is reduced by more than 1/32 in from the nominal diameter; 9/16 in~3/ The 4 in wire rope is reduced from the nominal diameter by more than 3/64 in; the 7/8 in~1 in wire rope is reduced by more than 1/16 in from the nominal diameter; the 1¼~1½ wire rope is reduced by more than 3/32 in from the nominal diameter .

⑤ In the fixed wire rope, more than 2 wires in a strand break at the outside of the end joint, or one wire breaks at the end joint.

⑥ The safety factor of the wire rope must comply with the American National Standard ASMEB30.5 or SAE J9590.

2) When the driver is handing over shifts, the upper limit switch must be tested under no load, and the pulley must gradually approach the limit device. The lift limit switch is only used as the upper limit to control the operation of the load, and must not be used as an operation control device. If belts, gears, axles, pulleys, sprocket teeth, chains, hubs, flywheels, chains or other reciprocating, rotating, or moving parts are exposed and easily touched by employees, protective devices should be installed. The protective device must comply with the revised version of the American National Standard ASMEB15.1 "Safety Regulations for Mechanical Power Transmission Devices".

3. Inspection of working environment

1) Employees must stay away from loads that are about to be lifted or are being lifted during operation.

2) At the tail of the upper rotating part of the crane, whether they are installed permanently or temporarily, the part that people can enter within the rotating radius should be blocked by road barriers to prevent employees from being hit by the crane or crushed. Exhaust pipes that employees may come into contact with during daily operations should be protected or insulated. When the internal combustion engine driving equipment is exhausted in a confined place, it must be tested and recorded to ensure that employees are not affected by poisonous gas or lack of oxygen. The operating room should be equipped with safety glass or related facilities to ensure that it will not cause visual distortion, thereby affecting the safe operation of the machine.

3) If the equipment needs to be assembled or repaired, a ladder should be provided to climb the ceiling of the operating room. According to the American National Standards Institute ASME B30.5, in order to facilitate access to the cabin and operating room, the crane should be equipped with guardrails, handles and ladders.

4) The platform or passage must be non-slip ground. The fuel delivery pipe of the fuel tank should be properly placed and protected to prevent the fuel from overflowing and flowing to the engine, exhaust device or electrical equipment being filled with fuel. In the driver’s workplace or operating room, a fire extinguisher rated at 5BC (or higher) is required for use at any time. The transportation, storage and use of all fuels must comply with the provisions of Annex F of the Fire Protection Regulations. For example, when a vehicle transports fuel on a highway, it should comply with the regulations of the transportation department in parts 177 and 393 of 49CFR on vehicle transportation.

5) In order to prevent personnel from contacting power lines, only the electrical distribution and transmission lines of the site have been cut off, and it is obvious that the work site has been grounded or isolation barriers have been installed. Otherwise, only under the following conditions can operate in a place close to the power cord.

① For lines of 50kV or lower, the minimum gap between the line and any part of the crane or load is 10ft.

② For lines greater than 50kV, the minimum gap between the line and any part of the crane or the load is 10ft. For each additional 1kV, an increase of 0.4 in, or twice the length of the line insulator, shall not be less than 10ft.

③ During walking without load and jib landing, the minimum gap for voltage below 50kV is 4ft, the minimum gap for 50kV~345kV is 10ft, and the minimum gap for up to 750kV is 16ft.

④ One person must be designated to monitor the equipment gap. When the driver finds it difficult to maintain the required equipment gap by visual inspection, the monitor should promptly give a warning.

⑤The crane can be equipped with cage-type boom protection device, isolation boom or proximity alarm device. Even if these devices are required by law, their use cannot affect other regulatory requirements.

⑥Any overhead wire should be regarded as a live line, unless it is clearly stated by the line owner or power equipment authority that it is not live and is obviously grounded.

⑦Before working near the radio transmission tower, since the equipment or the materials being loaded and unloaded can easily sense the electric charge in it, the power supply of the transmitter must be cut off, or relevant tests must be carried out to confirm that no electric charge is induced in the crane. To eliminate the induced voltage, take the following precautions:

On the upper part of the crane, supporting the rotating part of the boom, a grounding wire must be installed. When working near a live transmitter, if electric charge is induced in the equipment, a grounding wire must be installed on the lifting material. Workers must bring non-conductive electrodes equipped with alligator clips or other similar protective equipment to connect the grounding cable to the load. Flammable materials must be transferred before operation.

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